Collusive agreements among competitors create unmitigated harm. When competitors agree to limit competition, i.e. to form economic cartels, the poor pay up to 50 percent more for essential goods, growth...
This report, prepared together with the International Cotton Advisory Committee, contributes to the discussion of cotton price formation following the abolishment of the state order system. Uzbekistan...
This issue of Indonesia daily economic update for January 21, 2019 contains economic highlights, including: the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) is investigating alleged pricefixing behind...
Indonesia has the possibility of incorporating effective tools to combat cartels in its competition law. Hard core cartels, agreements among competitors to fix prices, divide or share markets, restrict...
International air transport is at a crossroads. The aviation industry's center of gravity has moved toward the East, with main hubs in the Gulf region and ever-increasing passenger markets located in Asia...
A literature review shows competition policy reforms can deliver benefits for the poorest households and improve income distribution. A lack of competition in food markets hurts the poorest households...
These opening remarks were delivered by Robert B. Zoellick, President of the World Bank, at the teleconference in Washington DC concerning food prices and the pre-G20. He announced the Food Price watch...
Full liberalization of telecommunications markets provides scope for relying largely on general antitrust rules and institutions for economic regulation. But at least for a time after liberalization, sector-specific...
The report provides the following findings on municipal decentralization in Nicaragua, acknowledging Nicaragua is pursuing decentralization in an aggressive manner. Fiscal neutrality should be pursued...
作为贸易壁垒, 运输成本增加其相对重要性。运输距离、集装箱化、出口量,还有, 同时也是最重要的因素,海港效率水准, 均是运输成本的重要决定因素。港口效率不仅与基础设施有关, 也与有组织的犯罪和过度监管有关。 近期文献在解释贸易、进入市场和增加人均收入时,强调了运输成本和基础设施的重要性。对大多数拉丁美洲国家而言,与进口关税相比,运输成本是进入美国市场的更大障碍。 Clark、Dollar 和 Micco...
Maritime transport costs significantly impede international trade. This article examines why these costs are so high in some countries and quantifies the importance of two explanations: restrictive trade...
反对国际卡特尔的强制性活动兴起于1990年代。无论这种强制性活动的是非功过,人们都有充分理由怀疑国家法律是否能有效阻止卡特尔的形成。 1990年代强制性活动的记录表明,私人国际卡特尔并既没有消亡,也没有总是被其本身的动力机制很快拖垮。在美国和欧盟1990年代起诉的40个这种典型的卡特尔中,有24个延续了至少四年。在这些典型中,有20个卡特尔有销售数据。它们受起诉影响的产品在世界范围内的年营业额超过了300亿美元。...
This report examines the possible effects of recent private international cartels on developing countries by looking in detail at five case studies. The producers in these cartels come almost exclusively...
This book reviews the design and implementation of competition law and policy. The study examines the objectives of competition policy, defining a dynamic and competitive environment as one underpinned...
Empirical studies of the welfare consequences of quotas often assume perfect competition everywhere. If this assumption is not valid, welfare estimate and policy recommendations may err dramatically. The...
The United States' experience with antitrust and with directive regulation in the rail, trucking, airline, and telephone sectors offers useful lessons for developing countries. The experience highlights...
The Mexican sugar industry operates under strict government controls. The sugar parastatal, AZUCAR, and other state agencies govern virturally all aspects of pricing and, until recently, AZUCAR controlled...
This paper finds that the current GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) consistent antidumping laws have a strong protectionist drift and a procartel bias. They endanger the very edifice of the...
Tunisia started its Five Year Plan (1982-1986) in difficult conditions marked by a prolonged drought, technical problems in the industrial sector and stagnated tourism earnings due to the recession in...
Tunisia started its Five Year Plan (1982-1986) in difficult conditions marked by a prolonged drought, technical problems in the industrial sector and stagnated tourism earnings due to the recession in...