Adaptation has long been neglected in the debate and policies surrounding climate change. However, increasing awareness of climate change has led many stakeholders to look for the best way to limit its...
Climate change is a new and important challenge to development strategies. In light of the current literature a framework for assessing responses to this challenge is provided. The presence of climate...
This issue includes the following : Ideas and innovation in East Asia, by Milan Brahmghatt and Albert Hu. Impact assessments in finance and private sector development : what have we learned and what should...
Mitigation investments in long-lived capital stock (LLKS) differ from other types of mitigation investments in that, once established, LLKS can lock-in a stream of emissions for extended periods of time...
This paper reviews the empirical and theoretical literature on economic growth to examine how the four components of the climate change bill, namely mitigation, proactive (ex ante) adaptation, reactive...
Although climate policies have been so far mostly focused on mitigation, adaptation to climate change is a growing concern in developed and developing countries. This paper discusses how adaptation fits...
Among policy instruments to control future greenhouse gas emissions, well-calibrated general intensity targets are known to lead to lower uncertainty on the amount of abatement than emissions quotas (Jotzo...
This study reviews the state and trends of the carbon market as of May 2005, based on material provided by Evolution Markets LLC, and Natsource LLC, and based on interviews with a large number of market...
This study reviews the state and trends of the carbon market as of May 2005, based on material provided by Evolution Markets LLC, and Natsource LLC, and based on interviews with a large number of market...
This study describes the status of the emerging carbon market, as of May 2004. The carbon market encompasses trades of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission allowances (under the European Union (EU) Emissions...
In light of the recent argument that rapid economic growth in Russia over the next decade, might result in emissions higher than the Kyoto target, thereby putting much-needed growth at risk, the authors...
The emerging carbon market is one of the few markets for environmental services currently in operation. Since abatement costs are thought to be lower in transition economies and developing countries, the...
Lecocq和Hourcade考察了贫困国家和富裕国家分担全球性和长期公益物品成本的规范性问题。在一个单时期最佳化模型中,由谁来提供公益物品严格取决于个人在计划者的福利函数中的权数是否建立在最初条件的基础上。但是,对长期公益物品来说,在第一阶段禁止财富的重新分配仍然可以实现若干均衡,这取决于各方承认谈判授权随时间发生变化的意愿,并取决于他们是否只关注自己的后代。作者表明,“可调整的”和“普遍的”授权可以产生更可靠的均衡。在所有例子中都出现了在第一阶段分配支出的简单经验法则。这种法则不受公益物品的最佳水平和第二阶段支出分配的影响。
人们建议的碳储存临时授信法可以使负有减少排放量责任的实体将某些责任推迟到一段固定的时间之后。这种方法是保证碳隔离项目环境完整性的一个手段。但是,由于临时信用的用户负有续用这种信用的责任,或代之以永久性信用,与永久信用相比,临时信用就只能折价出售。Chomitz和Lecocq表明,折价幅度取决于人们所预期的永久性信用的价格变化。只有在人们预期碳排放限制不会明显收紧的情况下,临时信用才有价值。作者在描述这种直觉时,用实际二氧化硫许可价格的历史数据,评估了假定的临时二氧化硫隔离信用的价值。
The emerging carbon market encompasses both project-based emission reduction transactions, whereby a buyer participates in the financing of a project which reduces greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, compared...
迫使美国和主要发展中国家控制其温室气体排放将成为《京都协定书》之后国际气候体制面临的主要挑战。但是,由于目前的协调是建立在数量基础上的,它在将来排放和将来减少排放机会方面存在大量的不确定性;这使在事前估计承诺成本极为困难。因而,谈判有中止的危险。Lecocq和Crassous用国际排放许可市场部分平衡模型量化了文献中提出的主要后《京都协定书》排放额度分配规则的经济后果,并估计了这些后果与将来人口、经济和排放量增长方面不确定性的关系。他们确认,无论采取何种规则,各方的排放许可价格和气候改善的净成本都对不确定性极为敏感,而且在某些情况下此类价格和成本都很高。这将在其它减少不确定性和成本的机制产生之前,构成阻碍采取任何此类计划的强大障碍。另外,各方的首选(最低成本)规则基本上能够应付不确定性。尽管这些选择因国而异,但作者的分析表明,如果发展中国家作出承诺并及早加入排放许可市场以换取北方国家更严格的额度,某些讨价还价还是可能的。这强调了新成员加入协作的准入规则的重要性。但是,潜在的双赢局面的规模在很大程度上取决于工业化国家和发展中国家减轻污染的成本差异,以及这一差距之间的差距将可能持续的时间。,Bringing...
能否将临时性二氧化碳隔离技术纳入减轻气候变化的综合性政策?它能为能源部门的技术进步“赢得时间”吗? 碳隔离技术的目的是提高生物体和土壤中受到隔离的碳的数量。但是,是否应该将其作为减轻全球气候影响的战略仍然是个有争议的问题。 一个关键的问题是,与减少排放相反,碳隔离可能不会是永久性的措施。但有些人认为,即使临时性的隔离也是有益的,因为它可以推迟气候变化的影响,并可以为能源部门的技术进步“赢得”时间。...