Turkmenistan is a land-locked, upper middle-income country, characterized by a rigid statist economic model, and driven by natural gas exports. Turkmenistan went through a period of adjustment as it first met with lower oil and gas prices and was further affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with lower hydrocarbon demand, globally. In 2021–23, hydrocarbon global demand and prices rebounded, boosting economic activity and gross domestic product (GDP)...
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