Open Data initiatives are transforming how governments and other public institutions interact and provide services to their constituents. They increase transparency and value to citizens, reduce inefficiencies and barriers to information, enable data-driven applications that improve public service delivery, and provide public data that can stimulate innovative business opportunities.
... 更多显示 As the gatekeepers of official statistics, National Statistics Offices (NSOs) produce many datasets that could typically comprise the foundation of an Open Data program. They may also have relationships with other data producing agencies in the national statistical system and have expertise in dealing with the many technical and data quality issues attendant in publishing data. In short, they are extremely well placed to make a valuable contribution to Open Data initiatives. Despite these advantages, NSOs do not always feature prominently in government-sponsored Open Data programs and they may be missing an important opportunity to expand the use and re-use of the data they produce. The goal of this working paper is to better understand the opportunities and challenges that Open Data presents to NSOs and to identify what steps and solutions are needed to enable NSOs to play a valuable role in national or sub-national Open Data initiatives.
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Knowledge, learning, and innovation are one of eight objectives that will be monitored in the Bank's new strategy. The independent evaluation group (IEG) is conducting a program of learning and results evaluations to promote a better understanding of how the World Bank acquires, captures, and transfers knowledge and learning in its lending operations, and what scope there is for improving.
... 更多显示 The objective of the program is to delineate attributes of effective learning in World Bank lending. These attributes refer to learning into lending (inputs into project design); learning while lending (feedback and modifications of design and implementation while the project is underway); and learning from lending (lessons from the project that were transmitted to other projects). The evaluation program will assess how the Bank can become better at generating, accessing, and using learning and knowledge in its lending operations. It acknowledges the importance of the feedback from knowledge to learning and from learning back to enhanced knowledge. The report is organized as follows: chapter one gives approach and context. Chapter two explores two essential aspects of learning - knowledge exploitation and knowledge exploration and the factors influencing them. Chapter three examines the contribution of mentoring. Chapter four addresses the extent to which incentives, leadership, and culture are aligned to promote learning in lending. Chapter five considers the implications of the report's findings, for the Bank's change process, for IEG, and for the design of the second evaluation in IEG's learning and results series.
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Support for economic reforms has often shown puzzling dynamics: many reforms that began successfully lost public support. This paper shows that learning dynamics can rationalize this paradox because the process of revealing reform outcomes is an example of sampling without replacement.
... 更多显示 This concept challenges the conventional wisdom that one should begin by revealing reform winners. It may also lead to situations in which reforms that enjoy both ex ante and ex post majority support will still not come to completion. The framework can be used to explain why gradual reforms worked well in China (where successes in Special Economic Zones facilitated further reform), whereas this was much less the case for Latin American and Central and Eastern European countries.
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Many governments are pursuing open data policies. One of the key policy drivers has been to use open data to drive economic growth and business innovation.
... 更多显示 This paper examines the evidence for the economic potential of open data and concludes that, despite a variation in published estimates and some methodological difficulties, the potential is very large indeed. It reviews the latest data about companies using open data, and highlights four companies which did not exist ten years ago, which are driven by open data, and which are each now valued at around $1 billion or more. It discusses the five archetypical types of businesses using open data, and cites concrete examples of each, and discusses the types of data which are proving most likely to lead to widespread business adoption and innovation. It suggests that governments should see themselves not only as a Supplier of open data but also as a leader, catalyst and user of it. Finally, it makes some recommendations for policies and actions which governments could take to maximize the economic growth possible from their data.
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This report is aimed at describing the final results and impact of the communicating extractive industries transparency initiative (EITI) in Kazakhstan.
... 更多显示 There was a desk research carried out within first two weeks of the project. This research included analyzing experience of Kazakhstan organizations in developing a communicating strategy on EITI. In this context, this report presents following three tasks: task one, preparing a communications strategy that targets general public; task two, developing communications materials, as outlined in the communications strategy; and task three, conducting EITI communication and outreach activities.
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This document presents the work program and budget proposal for FY15 for the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) and indicative plans for FY16-17.
... 更多显示 It outlines the results and impact that IEG expects to achieve; strategic priorities and alignment with the new World Bank Group (WBG) strategy; changes to business lines, including what IEG will be doing more and less of; and details on work program deliverables and resource management. IEG faces a unique opportunity to deepen its impact, and make a significant contribution to the successful implementation of the new WBG strategy. To achieve the twin goals, the WBG and its clients and partners need to better understand what works and the reasons why, and draw lessons and good practices from experience to inform decision making and future action. Independent evaluation is essential to help the WBG address these challenges and build a stronger internal culture for results, accountability, and learning.
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These guidance notes prepare universities, local researchers, and development and humanitarian agencies to use and teach the approach of the Resilience in Education Settings (RES)-Research module, in its entirety or partially.
... 更多显示 This guide It is based upon two regional applications of the RES-Research module in Central America and the South Asia, during the period 2011-2014. RES-Research is a 9 to 12 month training module targeting higher education professors, graduate research students and the professional Development Evaluation community working with humanitarian and development agencies in conflict and violenceaffected contexts. The training is structured around face-to-face workshops and a practical component designed to ground research knowledge and skills. During the practice phase, RES-Research provides local researchers with ongoing technical guidance and seed financial resources to undertake a pilot education resilience study. In addition to enriching the learning experience, these studies then become part of a growing base of international education resilience evidence.
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Mapping presents a compelling way to demystify complex data and concepts into useful visual information that most people can understand regardless of language, level of literacy, or culture.
... 更多显示 These maps can also be shared instantaneously with the world via the Internet. Interactive community mapping (ICM) is one method of information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled participatory mapping. In the development context, ICM can be a useful approach in helping community members, members of civil society organizations (CSOs), governments, and development partners to better picture and assess the needs and concerns of the mapped communities and adjust development plans, activities, and policies accordingly. This note is aimed at providing step-by-step guidance on the design and implementation of the ICM process to achieve an evidence-based and increasingly participatory decision-making approach for development projects. Relying on good practice examples from Kenya and Tanzania, this note seeks to provide a better understanding of how the potential benefits of ICM can be translated into tangible results. The note outlines some of the available ICM technology, delineate the enabling environment for ICM, and provide step-by-step guidance on how to effectively design and implement ICM in projects.
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The objective of this report is to examine the potential of locational data for the 'science of delivery' in the field of development.
... 更多显示 The 'science of delivery' is a term popularized by the World Bank President, Jim Yong Kim, and refers to using evidence-based experimentation to improve development outcomes (Walji, 2013). In this context, locational data is a new tool that is starting to be used in a variety of development fields including health, education, disaster risk management, traffic planning etc. this broad introduction to the topic in chapter one, the next chapter explores the technology behind locational data. Chapter three presents the methodology followed in this research and chapter four, which is the heart of this report, then presents a series of mini case studies of how it is actually being used in a representative sample of different development fields. This is the 'evidence-based experimentation' which can be harnessed to improve the 'science of delivery', and examples of both active and passive collection of locational data are presented. Finally, chapter five examines, in broader terms, the longer term potential of locational data as a development tool, once smartphone ownership becomes more widespread.
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2003年前的经济或行业报告 ACS9644 2014年6月1日
Haddad, Ryan; Kelly, Tim; Leinonen, Teemu; Saarinen, Vesa
In the last twenty years, practitioners have come to appreciate that governance is often the weak link in addressing unsustainable use of forests and trees.
... 更多显示 Technical knowledge alone is insufficient, and no natural forest management, protected area, plantation, or agro-forestry project will succeed if the resources are poorly governed. The concept of "forest governance" is often difficult to grasp because many laws, rules, policies, actions, and interactions shape forests. This also makes it difficult to be clear about what the major governance impediments are and what to do about them. The guide is the outcome of a collaboration of experts from organizations with different views and roles on governance issues who united to direct the compilation of a common set of good assessment practices. This guide presents a step-by-step approach to planning forest governance assessment or monitoring, collecting data, analyzing it, and making the results available to decision makers and other stakeholders. It also presents five case studies to illustrate how assessment or monitoring initiatives have applied the steps in practice, and it includes references and links to dozens of sources of further information.
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Enhanced transparency, accountability, and government or donor responsiveness to people needs are imperative to achieve better and more sustainable development results on the ground.
... 更多显示 The rapid spread of new technologies is transforming the daily lives of millions of poor people around the world and has the potential to be a real game changer for development. Improved accountability and responsiveness are critical for reaching the goals of eliminating extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity with a focus on improving the well-being of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups in society. Within the broader political economy context, many questions remain unanswered about the role that new technologies can play to act as an accelerator for closing the accountability gap. Within this context, this report brings together new evidence from leading academics and practitioners on the effects of technology-enabled citizen engagement. The report aims to address the following four main questions: how do new technologies empower communities through participation, transparency, and accountability?; are technologies an accelerator for closing the accountability gap - the space between supply (governments, service providers) and demand (citizens, communities,civil society organizations) that must be bridged for open and collaborative governance?; under what conditions does this occur?; and what are the experiences and lessons learned from existing grassroots innovators and donor-supported citizen engagement and crowdsourcing programs, and how can these programs be replicated or scaled up?. The report presents a theoretical framework about the linkages between new technologies, participation, empowerment, and the improvement of poor people's human well-being based on Amartya Sen's capability approach. The book provides rich case studies about the different factors that influence whether or not information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled citizen engagement programs can improve the delivery and quality of public services to poor communities. The report analyzes in depth both the factors and process of using new technologies to enhance the delivery of primary health services to pregnant women in Karnataka, India, and of several community mapping and crowdsourcing programs in Guinea, Haiti, Kenya, Libya, Sudan, and other countries.
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The Committee on Development Effectiveness met to consider independent evaluation group's (IEG's) learning and results in World Bank operations: evaluation I and draft management response.
... 更多显示 The committee welcomed the evaluation's findings and commended IEG and management for collaboration. Members appreciated that actions management is taking in the context of the overall global practice (GP) process confirm and address the evaluation findings on improving learning in Bank operations. Members noted that knowledge needs to be transparent, readily available, and shared on time to foster learning, and that time needs to be allocated to staff for such learning. They recognized the need for an information technology (IT) learning system that allows easy storage, search, and travel of information across the organization. Members further underscored the essential need for a culture shift in how management and staff learn from lending operations. They noted that throughout the broader change process in the institution, in particular during discussions on the new approach for country engagement the Board has reiterated that without a cultural change in behavior, the structural changes will not have the intended impact.
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In economic growth the largest differences between developed and developing economies are in innovation performances. Innovation is critical for growth, but it is increasingly important for addressing major development changes, such as those related to inclusion and sustainability.
... 更多显示 Recognizing this pattern, many countries are promoting innovation and entrepreneurship. Market and government failures and other bottlenecks impede innovation and entrepreneurship, particularly in developing countries. These countries need to build the capacity to find, absorb, and use new technologies and processes as well as foster entrepreneurs who can take risks, look for finance, and bring new products and processes to market. The Independent Evaluation Group reviewed the investment portfolio in innovation and entrepreneurship interventions over the past decade across the World Bank Group. IEG found that this investment is substantial, but its effectiveness can be enhanced through broad, systemic efforts. Urgent action is required to enhance coordination, consultation, and linkages on innovation and entrepreneurship initiatives across networks, sectors, and regions. Another challenge is to develop practical solutions for people who earn less than $2 a day, an issue relevant to middle-income as well as low-income countries. Sustained efforts are required to identify different mechanisms and implementation arrangements that are effective and efficient. Monitoring and evaluation is also important for scale-up of promising interventions and mechanisms to effectively capture and share knowledge within and across the Bank Group. IEG presented a number of recommendations to strengthen the effectiveness of Bank Group support for innovation and entrepreneurship. They involved implementing a strategic framework that considers the new World Bank Group strategy and provides building blocks, examining alternative approaches for financing early-stage start-ups, and promoting knowledge sharing within the Bank Group in numerous ways. Both development and business audiences will be interested in this evaluation: the lessons distilled and examples highlighted can be applied in many business contexts.
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The development objective of the Smart Government Project for Mongolia is to use information communication technologies (ICT) to improve accessibility, transparency, and efficiency of public services in Mongolia.
... 更多显示 The project comprises of four components. The first component, enhancing civic engagement and citizen feedback mechanisms comprises of following activities: technical assistance; investment support; and support government to develop a business analytics (BA) program. The second component, enabling foundations for smart government will support the public agencies put in place a robust framework for service delivery, benefitting from economies of scale on ICT infrastructure, and expediting the pace of eService delivery in response to citizen's needs. The third component, enabling open data will help to develop a vibrant open data ecosystem defined by a sustainable pipeline of high-quality data, continuous engagement with user communities and demand-driven, innovative co-creation. The fourth component, project implementation support will help to establish the project implementation unit (PIU) at the Cabinet Secretariat (CS).
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There is evidence that livestock provide a multitude of livelihood services to farm households. They are a source of food, cash income, draught power and hauling services, saving and insurance, dung, and social capital.
... 更多显示 There is also evidence that a large share of rural households keep livestock. Targeted investments in the sector could thus definitely contribute to improved livelihoods and a decline in rural poverty. Data integration, the combined use of data from different sources, is an effective way to derive detailed policy and investment indications, which could not be obtained by using individual datasets on their own. The brief presents three sets of results. First, the density of large ruminants at the sub-county level are predicted and then compared to actual values in the census. The other two estimated models allow predicting and mapping livestock per capita income and household's share of income from livestock at sub-county level. In conclusion, data integration is essential for effective investment decisions because it generates information from surveys, which, on their own, cannot be produced. For data integration to be feasible it is important that the various methods of data collection be consistent. Finally, the timing of the various surveys is also relevant as it may be of little use to compare data from surveys undertaken in different years, particularly when addressing issues pertaining to fast, or relatively fast growing sectors.
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The Government of Bulgaria (GoB) is concerned that large retail chains may be using their superior bargaining position to dictate the terms of contractual relations with their suppliers.
... 更多显示 The Government believes that this constitutes unfair trading practices (UTP) and remedies should be found in the nation's competition policy framework. The GoB is considering the introduction of the concept of significant market power (SMP) into the competition legislation. To address the UTP issues in business to business (B2B) relations in the buyer supplier relations, the Minister of Finance of the GoB asked the World Bank in end-October 2013 for technical support in the area of competition. In November 2013, the task was further specified and the GoB asked the World Bank to explore how and whether the SMP concept, anchored in the competition policy framework, will effectively address UTP in B2B relations. The World Bank organized a technical workshop, titled significant market power and unfair trading practices: issues and challenges in collaboration with the office of the Deputy Prime Minister for economic development and the Bulgarian commission for protection of competition. The workshop presented the mixed success of international practices in addressing unfair trading practices. The World Bank analyzed European Union (EU) member state policies in addressing unfair trading practices against the following criteria: effectiveness, alignment with economic principles, adaptability, efficiency and timeliness, and analytically based, dependent, transparent, contestable, and reversible practice with due process. Additionally, the World Bank provided an economic assessment of how implementable and effective the significant market power will be to address unfair trading practices using competition policy. This assessment is based on the economic principles provided by the European commission guidelines, that is, take corrective action when abusive behavior harms consumers, not competitors.
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