This book reviews the major developments in and the lessons learned from the 21-year (1991-2012) experience with private sector participation (PSP) in the power sector in India.
... 更多显示 It discusses the political economy context of the policy changes, looks at reform initiatives that were implemented for the generation sector, describes transmission and distribution segments at different points in the evolution of the sector, and concludes with a summary of lessons learned and a suggested way forward. The evolution of private participation in the Indian power sector can be divided into different phases. Phase one was launched with the opening of the generation sector to private investment in 1991. Phase two soon followed - early experiments with state-level unbundling and other reform initiatives, including regulatory reform, culminating in divestiture, and privatization in Orissa and Delhi respectively. Phase three, the passage of the electricity act of 2003 by the central government, followed by a large increase in private entry into generation and forays into transmission and experiments with distribution franchise models in urban and rural areas during the 11th five-year plan (2007-12) period. In phase four, at the start of the 12th five-year plan (2012-17), the sector is seeing a sharp reduction in bid euphoria and greater risk aversion on the part of bidders, who are concerned about access to basic inputs such as fuel and land. In this context, the report is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two presents private sector participation in thermal generation; chapter three presents private sector participation in transmission; chapter four deals with private sector participation in distribution; chapter five deals with private sector participation in the Indian solar energy sector; chapter six deals with financing of the power sector; chapter seven presents emerging issues and proposed approaches for the Indian power sector; and chapter eight give updates.
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Unreliable electricity supply hinders economic growth in low-income countries. The private sector can play a significant role in supporting national power goals through small-scale alternative private supply of power, or APS.
... 更多显示 A World Bank Group report found that certain APS models may provide the most cost-effective way of supplying power, and in many cases prove a more practical way of increasing access to reliable electricity. This note discusses the models of APS, the conditions when each is appropriate, and the financial and regulatory support that can attract investment for these projects.
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Power pools constitute a set of sometimes complex institutional arrangements for efficiency-enhancing coordination among power systems. Where such institutional arrangements do not exist, there still can be scope for voluntary electricity-sharing agreements among power systems.
... 更多显示 This paper uses a particular type of efficient risk-sharing model with limited commitment to demonstrate that second-best coordination improvements can be achieved with low to moderate risks of participants leaving the agreement. In the absence of an impartial market operator who can observe fluctuations in connected power systems, establishing quasi-markets for trading excess electricity through the kind of mechanism described here helps achieve sustainable cooperation in mutually beneficial electricity sharing.
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This report analyzes the current status of Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) technology deployment in developing countries and investigates the success factors in countries where WHR has become widely spread.
... 更多显示 The report then focuses on the in-depth analysis of WHR potential and enabling factors in eleven country markets in Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), South Asia (India, Pakistan), Middle East (Egypt, Turkey), Latin America (Brazil, Mexico) and East Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam). The report maps out major WHR equipment suppliers. In addition, the report includes a brief analysis of business and project models used internationally to support WHR deployment.
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185,000 people without electricity in the Mindanao region of the Philippines will gain access to electricity for the first time, a direct result of a power supply agreement with the Coastal Power Development Corporation.
... 更多显示 Under advisement from the IFC, the government of the Philippines has decided to introduce private sector participation in power generation in order to lower costs, increase reliability, and provide power to islands without connection to the main power grid. Beginning in 2010 the Costal Power Development Corporation will supply 11.8 megawatts to the Basilan Electric Cooperative. Projected savings for the government is PHP 50 million per year under the new plan.
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The objectives of the mission of Electrical Interconnection 330 kv Ghana-Togo- Benin Project and Electrical Interconnection 161 kv Onigbolo or Parakou and Sakete or Porto-Novo Project were mainly to discuss the state of progress of: (i) the electrical interconnection 330 kV Ghana-Togo-Benin project; (ii) project to modernize and extend the Dispatching; (iii) 161 kV Interconnection Project Sakete / Porto-Novo and Parakou / Onigbolo.
... 更多显示 The aide-memoire presents reports on the main results and presents the conclusions and recommendations of the mission. These findings and recommendations are valid subject to confirmation by the management of donors after return of the mission to their respective headquarters.
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This note provides an introduction to the issues surrounding the design of Power Purchase Agreement's (PPAs). Programs to attract investment in small-scale electricity generation, often powered by renewable energy sources, have become increasingly common in the developing world as governments seek to both expand access to electricity and improve sustainability.
... 更多显示 A valuable tool for such programs is a well-crafted, standardized power purchase agreement, which can reduce transaction costs for generators and government agencies alike and substantially improve the economics of small generation facilities. This note discusses key considerations in designing a standardized agreement for a small power producer program. The technologies exist to mobilize small-scale and renewable power generation in developing countries, where power demand is increasing most rapidly. Well-designed small power producer programs, with balanced and standardized PPAs, can leverage financing and support efficient, cost-effective private investment in small scale power generation.
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On four remote islands in the Philippines, small power projects are making a big difference in people's lives. International Finance Corporation (IFC) helped the Government attract private investment in off-grid power generation, which will provide reliable and cheaper electricity to hundreds of thousands of people.
... 更多显示 The agreements were signed September 2005 and May 2007.
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On four remote islands in the Philippines, small power projects are making a big difference in people's lives. International Finance Corporation (IFC) helped the Government attract private investment in off-grid power generation, which will provide reliable and cheaper electricity to hundreds of thousands of people.
... 更多显示 The agreements were signed September 2005 and May 2007.
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On four remote islands in the Philippines, small power projects are making a big difference in people's lives. International Finance Corporation (IFC) helped the Government attract private investment in off-grid power generation, which will provide reliable and cheaper electricity to hundreds of thousands of people.
... 更多显示 The agreements were signed September 2005 and May 2007.
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On four remote islands in the Philippines, small power projects are making a big difference in people's lives. International Finance Corporation (IFC) helped the Government attract private investment in off-grid power generation, which will provide reliable and cheaper electricity to hundreds of thousands of people.
... 更多显示 The agreements were signed September 2005 and May 2007.
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This environmental management plan of the Additional Financing for the Second Transmission and Distribution Project for Vietnam identifies potential environmental risks and proposes measures to mitigate them.
... 更多显示 Negative measures include: identified risks derive from plane clearance, building an access road from the highway to the substation, air pollution from vehicle exhaust, uncovered vehicles transporting dusty materials, construction noise, electrical and electromagnetic transmission, wastewater, risk of fire and explosion, and solid waste. Mitigation measures include: i) damping down dust and covering vehicles; ii) providing compensation for asset loss; iii) ensuring that vehicles have internal combustion engines and operating licenses; iv) scheduling construction, notifying locals if construction is needed at night; v) ensuring electrical equipment complies with national or international standards; vi) treating wastewater; vii) installing fire prevention equipment; viii) installing drainage systems; and ix) collecting and transporting water to city disposal sites.
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The regulatory framework in many Asian developing countries has been reformed to promote private sector investments in power generation. Asian developing countries that have decided to restructure the power sector include the People's Republic of China; India; Indonesia; Republic of South Korea; Malaysia; Pakistan; Philippines; Singapore; Taipei, China; and Thailand.
... 更多显示 In early 2002, Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) funded a study designed to develop a framework for financing merchant power plants in developing countries. The study defined a merchant power plant as a power plant owned or controlled by the private sector that is free to negotiate the basis for selling its output to willing buyers. Likewise, the debt servicing is not directly or indirectly guaranteed by any government or non-commercial arrangement. The activity established a broad understanding of the merchant power plant model. For power sector restructuring to be successful and for competitive electricity markets to be efficient, a proper understanding of the merchant power plant model is necessary among policymakers, regulators, and lenders.
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This report examines the power sector implications of the Resource Corridor Development (RCD) proposal. The mining developments that form the core of the RCD are not just potential consumers of power, but also a potential source of power for Afghanistan, since the large generation projects necessary to serve the extraction and processing of ores can readily be sized to meet more than just the mining project demand.
... 更多显示 Significant deposits of coal and reservoirs of gas make such generation possible. This has potentially important impacts not just on the generation expansion plan, but also on the configuration of the transmission system. In particular it represents an opportunity to integrate with and thereby diversify Afghanistan's power supply mix, which over the past few years has become heavily dependent on imports from the Central Asian states (notably Uzbekistan), as well as from Iran (to serve the demand in the Herat area). The main recommendation of this report is to forgo at this time the proposal to duplicate the existing 220 kilovolt (kV) line from Pul-e-Khumri to Kabul (via the Salang pass). There should be provision in the design of the 220 kV north-south line for supplying power to the iron ore mine near Bamyan, and interconnecting other potential coal fired stations in the area in the future. This paper is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two focuses on Afghanistan's power sector; chapter three evaluates the future supply options; chapter four deals with transmission system expansion; chapter five gives the carbon footprint; chapter six gives regulatory and institutional requirements; and chapter seven gives conclusions and recommendations.
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This report examines the power sector implications of the Resource Corridor Development (RCD) proposal. The mining developments that form the core of the RCD are not just potential consumers of power, but also a potential source of power for Afghanistan, since the large generation projects necessary to serve the extraction and processing of ores can readily be sized to meet more than just the mining project demand.
... 更多显示 Significant deposits of coal and reservoirs of gas make such generation possible. This has potentially important impacts not just on the generation expansion plan, but also on the configuration of the transmission system. In particular it represents an opportunity to integrate with and thereby diversify Afghanistan's power supply mix, which over the past few years has become heavily dependent on imports from the Central Asian states (notably Uzbekistan), as well as from Iran (to serve the demand in the Herat area). The main recommendation of this report is to forgo at this time the proposal to duplicate the existing 220 kilovolt (kV) line from Pul-e-Khumri to Kabul (via the Salang pass). There should be provision in the design of the 220 kV north-south line for supplying power to the iron ore mine near Bamyan, and interconnecting other potential coal fired stations in the area in the future. This paper is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two focuses on Afghanistan's power sector; chapter three evaluates the future supply options; chapter four deals with transmission system expansion; chapter five gives the carbon footprint; chapter six gives regulatory and institutional requirements; and chapter seven gives conclusions and recommendations.
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The Executive Directors approved an additional credit in the amount of SDR 64.5 million (US$100 million equivalent), a US$200 million guarantee operation for an additional series of Development Association (IDA) partial risk guarantees, and a project restructuring for the Electricity and Gas Improvement Project for the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the payment terms and conditions set out in the President's Memorandum.
... 更多显示 Directors also approved a waiver of Operational Policy 14.25. Directors supported the Government's efforts to reform the power sector by securing long term gas supplies and by providing investment funding to realize tangible benefits for consumers, including improved quality and reliability of electricity supply, particularly for the most vulnerable. The need to relieve remaining capacity bottlenecks was highlighted, particularly in the transmission and distribution systems required to deliver the increased power generation and improved electricity services. Directors noted implementation risks and the related governance challenges and underscored the importance of capacity building to support the government's long term agenda. Directors stressed the importance of private sector participation in promoting power sector development. They also reiterated the need for continued dialogue with the Government and collaboration with other donors to assure timely and successful completion of the project and achievement of the project development objectives.
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