This paper empirically studies the dynamics of labor market adjustment following the Brazilian trade reform of the 1990s. The paper uses variation in industry-specific tariff cuts interacted with initial regional industry mix to measure trade-induced local labor demand shocks and examines regional and individual labor market responses to those one-time shocks over two decades. ... 更多显示 Contrary to conventional wisdom, the analysis does not find that the impact of local shocks is dissipated over time through wage-equalizing migration. Instead, it finds steadily growing effects of local shocks on regional formal sector wages and employment for 20 years. This finding can be rationalized in a simple equilibrium model with two complementary factors of production, labor and industry-specific factors such as capital, that adjust slowly and imperfectly to shocks. Next, the paper documents rich margins of adjustment induced by the trade reform at the regional and individual levels. Workers initially employed in harder hit regions face continuously deteriorating formal labor market outcomes relative to workers employed in less affected regions, and this gap persists even 20 years after the beginning of trade liberalization. Negative local trade shocks induce workers to shift out of the formal tradable sector and into the formal nontradable sector. Non-employment strongly increases in harder hit regions in the medium run, but in the longer run, non-employed workers eventually find re-employment in the informal sector. Working age population does not react to these local shocks, but formal sector net migration does, consistent with the relative decline of the formal sector and growth of the informal sector in adversely affected regions.  更少显示

文件类型: 政策研究报告 报告编号: WPS7205 文件日期: 2015年3月2日

作者: Dix Carneiro,Rafael; Kovak,Brian K.

Does online voting mobilize citizens who otherwise would not participate? During the annual participatory budgeting vote in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil -- the world's largest -- Internet voters were asked whether they would have participated had there not been an online voting option (i-voting). ... 更多显示 The study documents an 8.2 percent increase in total turn-out with the introduction of i-voting. In support of the mobilization hypothesis, unique survey data show that i-voting is mainly used by new participants rather than just for convenience by those who were already mobilized. The study also finds that age, gender, income, education, and social media usage are significant predictors of being online-only voters. Technology appears more likely to engage people who are younger, male, of higher income and educational attainment, and more frequent social media users.  更少显示

文件类型: 政策研究报告 报告编号: WPS7204 文件日期: 2015年2月26日

作者: Spada,Paolo; Mellon,Jonathan; Peixoto,Tiago Carneiro; Sjoberg,Fredrik Matias

文件类型: 项目执行情况与结果报告 报告编号: ISR16690 文件日期: 2015年2月5日

作者: 0000A8056

The development objective of the Sao Paulo State Sustainable Transport Project for Brazil is to contribute to the improvement of the state's transport and logistics efficiency and safety while enhancing the Borrower’s capacity in environmental and disaster risk management. ... 更多显示 The present restructuring aims at introducing a co-financing of United States (U.S.) 300 million dollars from the international private bank Banco Santander, S.A. covered by Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) under its non-honoring of sovereign financial obligations (NHSFO) guarantee, to scale-up the project.  更少显示

文件类型: 项目文件 报告编号: RES13568 文件日期: 2015年2月1日

文件类型: 项目执行情况与结果报告 报告编号: ISR17832 文件日期: 2015年1月27日

作者: 0000A8056

文件类型: 项目执行情况与结果报告 报告编号: ISR17321 文件日期: 2015年1月26日

作者: 0000A8056

文件类型: 项目执行情况与结果报告 报告编号: ISR17684 文件日期: 2015年1月22日

作者: 0000A8056

文件类型: 项目执行情况与结果报告 报告编号: ISR17508 文件日期: 2015年1月21日

作者: 0000A8056

文件类型: 安全保障综合数据资料 报告编号: ISDSR11743 文件日期: 2015年1月14日

作者: 0000A8056

文件类型: 项目执行情况与结果报告 报告编号: ISR16010 文件日期: 2015年1月12日

作者: 0000A8056